核爆下生存

核爆下生存
Survive a Nuclear Blast
It may seem like a fear rooted in Cold War paranoia, but with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) sniffing around the Middle East, North Korea and other parts of the world for hidden enrichment facilities and smuggled radioactive materials, the threat of an atomic bomb hitting a major city is a harsh reality.
這看起來似乎昰一種植根於冷戰偏執狂的恐懼，但有國際原子能機構（IAEA）為隱藏的濃縮設施和走私的放射性材料，嗅云中東、朝鮮和世界其它地方，原子彈擊中一個主要城市的威脅，是一件嚴峻的現實。
If your city is the target of a nuclear attack, you'll need to do more than duck and cover. Between the sheer destructive force of the blast and the horrors of fallout, the odds of survival can be depressingly slim. Here's a list of tips to beat the odds of this oft-feared doomsday scenario.
如果你的城市是核攻擊的目標，你需要做的遠不止迴避和覆蓋。爆炸的純粹破壞力量和塵的恐怖之間，生存的機率可以令人沮喪渺茫。這裡有一個貼士列表，去擊敗那一常被擔心的末日情況的可能性。
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這是一個 wiki頁面，要獲得額外意見？登錄到編輯。

A nuclear bomb's mushroom cloud. Photo: U.S. Department of Energy, via Wikimedia Commons
核彈的蘑菇雲。圖片：美能源部，通過Wikimedia Commons

核武器入門
A Primer on Nukes
First, a primer on nuclear blasts. The good news is that they share a lot of recognizable characteristics with conventional explosions. There's an initial detonation and a spherical shock wave -- so, no-brainers like putting distance between yourself and the blast obviously apply.

Here's the bad news: Nuclear blasts are much more powerful than conventional explosions. In short, the detonation of radioactive material causes nuclear particles to collide at high speed starting a nuclear reaction. The result is the release of enough energy to lay waste to a metropolis faster than you can say "mutually assured destruction." At ground zero this means the horrifying image of solid materials vaporizing, and hellish fireballs hotter than the surface of the sun. Oh, and once all the irradiated dust from the blast starts to fall back to Earth (fallout), you've got hazards like radiation poisoning.

A fission chain reaction. Image via Wikimedia Commons
一個分裂連鎖反應，圖像通過Wikimedia Commons

認識跡像
Know the Signs

In a traditional nuclear exchange warning times might be as little as three to four minutes (for the UK and Europe) or from 15-30 minutes for the U.S. and Canada.
在傳統的核交換預警時間，可能是少至3至4分鐘（英國和歐洲），或 美國和加拿大從15-30分鐘。
Air raid sirens (if they still exist in your community) and public emergency systems would be put to use to notify you of an impending attack. Do not ignore these! Even if you feel your community may not be at risk in a nuclear exchange you should still find shelter as only the enemy knows all of the targets that will be hit.
空襲警報（如果您的社區還存在）和公共應急系統將投入使用，以通知您即將發生的攻擊。不要忽視這些！即使你覺得你的社區不處身核戰爭的危險，你還是應該找到遮蓋，因為只有敵人才知道所有被襲的目標。
In a large scale nuclear exchange the tactic of using an electro-magnetic pulse from a high-yield nuclear weapon detonated high above a target country or area would most likely be used. This would cause all sorts of electronic devices to fail from cell phones to automobiles.
在大規模核戰爭，從高產核武器使用電磁脈衝，在目標國家或地區上高空引爆，是最有可能被使用的戰術。這將導致各種各樣的電子設備從手機到汽車無法使用。
If you notice that all vehicles and electronics in your immediate area have failed all at once then it is almost a sure sign that a nuclear attack is imminent.
如果您注意到所有車輛和電子產品，在你直接駐足的地區突然失靈，那麼幾乎可以肯定是一個跡像，有迫在眉睫的核攻擊。
On the other hand, nuclear attack from a terrorist might come with little to no warning, in which case you must know what to do immediately.
另一方面，來自恐怖分子的核攻擊，可能出現幾乎極少甚而是沒有的警告，在這種情況下，你必須知道立即怎做。
In either case the following steps do apply.
這兩種情況下，下列步驟都適用。
第一步：不要看閃光
Step 1: Don't Look at the Flash
It's tempting -- I know. However, watching the flash from a nuclear explosion is nothing like rubbernecking a traffic accident. The resulting burst of light is several times brighter than the sun. Witnessing this level of brilliance can produce temporary blindness for the lucky, and permanent loss of sight for the truly curious. The best course of action? Look away from the flash and put a barrier over your eyes. Keeping your eyesight is paramount -- you'll need it for all of the remaining steps.

第二步：從爆炸找遮擋
Step 2: Find Cover From the Blast The blast cloud from a 50-megaton bomb, shown at right, reaches into the stratosphere
顯示在右側是50百萬噸級炸彈的爆炸雲 ，到達平流層

The seconds following the initial flash are critical. Luckily, factors like explosive yield, weather, and distance can lessen the effects of the shock wave -- but don't kid yourself, it's coming. The best method for weathering this stage is finding an ideal barrier between yourself and the combination of extreme pressure, heat, thermal radiation and 500mph winds headed your way. This is where survival gets a little tricky.
在首閃後的幾秒存是至關重要的，幸運的是，因素如爆炸量、天氣和距離可以減輕衝擊波的影響 - 但不要和自己開玩笑，它在來臨。這一階段最好的方法去風化，是在你和極壓、高溫、熱輻射和五百哩時速的風的結合之間，尋找一個理想的障礙，這是那生存得有點蠱惑。
Given the number of variables present in a city setting, there's no surefire way to avoid this wall of death (save for getting underground). However, hunkering down in a blast resistant or brick building and staying away from windows can help your odds. Likewise, in a high rise or apartment setting, you'll want to make your way above the first few floors and get low somewhere in the middle of the building.
由於城市環境處處不同，沒有正確的方式來避免這死亡之牆（除在地底下）。然而，靜待在抗爆物，或磚建築物和遠離窗戶，可以幫助您的勝算。同樣，在高層或公寓的設置，你要走高幾層，和跑低至建築物的中間。
If you are unable to find any of these shelters fast enough then stay as low to the ground as possible. Hunkering or laying behind the curb of a sidewalk or other small impediment facing the blast is better than taking the brunt of it standing as the pressure wave can cause massive internal damage.
如果您無法足夠快地找到任何這些庇護所，那麼逗留在地面有咁低得咁低，靜待或躺在行人道石駁背後或其它面對爆炸的障礙物，優於站立而首當其衝，因為壓力波可造成嚴重的內傷。
Most deaths from a nuclear explosion are attributed to flying debris, mainly glass. Just like in an earthquake try to keep your vital organs and head covered with your arms.
核爆炸死亡大多數是由於飛濺的碎片，主要是玻璃。就像在地震中嘗試保持你的重要器官和頭部，以雙臂覆蓋著。
•NOTE:* A 1950s refrigerator will not keep you safe from the blast.
•注意：*一部50年代的冰箱不會在爆炸中保你安全。

第三步：評估景觀
Step 3: Assess the LandscapeLook for escape routes or potential ad-hoc fallout shelters. With the majority of the blast damage done, another pressing issue lies ahead -- radiation exposure. Fallout is typically at its worst shortly after the blast, so time is of the essence. Depending on the magnitude of the explosion, it can last as long as three weeks, but variables like wind speed, terrain and weather can change this.

上部生還者
Topside Survivors
Survivors caught topside during the blast are in an especially precarious situation. Everything from clothing to hair is likely contaminated and prolonged exposure to this environment can result in acute radiation sickness and eventually death. The primary goal should be assessing the landscape and either heading underground, or fleeing the area. In general, any area that's downwind of the blast or rife with heavy crosswinds should be avoided during evacuation. Open areas at a lower elevation than the blast site should also be avoided, as they become hotbeds for settling radioactive material.

地下生還者
Underground Survivors
If fleeing the initial blast took you underground to a basement or subway tunnel, then you're most likely ahead of the game. Since the Earth insulates the majority of topside radiation, the next priority should be finding food, water and sealing any access points that might let in falling radioactive debris. Also, it's advisable to mark the outside of the entryway to let disaster workers know that you're inside.

第四步：清理
Step 4: Decontaminate
Finding a fallout-safe location is only half the battle. The other half is keeping your refuge radiation-free. Anything that was outdoors during the blast (including people) has likely been contaminated. As such, survivors should undergo a quick and dirty decontamination process before entering shelter. A thorough rubdown with soap and water should do the trick for skin and hair, and a vigorous brushing of clothing should help. It sounds trite, but it helps. Just make sure not to go nuts with the scrubbing -- an open wound is begging for internal contamination.

第五步：等待救援
Step 5: Wait for RescueGiven the extreme rarity of nuclear explosions in urban areas, it's likely that somebody is on the way to help (barring any doomsday scenarios). However, the obvious dangers of fallout should prevent you from aimlessly wandering the landscape and yelling for help. If you're lucky enough to have escaped with a radio or cell phone, give it a shot. It will most likely work. Unlike Hollywood nuclear explosions, electro-magnetic pulse (EMP) only happens when high-yield nuclear weapons are detonated in the upper atmosphere.

Do not leave untill rescue teams have given the all clear. If the attack occurs due to a nuclear conflict there might be multiple attacks on the same target area or surrounding targets. Military bases, airports, industrial centers, power plants, and ports all could be potential targets as well as the city they surround.

Tip: No matter what, always remember -- dot dot dot, dash dash dash, dot dot dot is Morse code for "S.O.S."
貼士：永遠記住：無論什麼 - 點點點、長長長，點點點，是摩士密碼的“救命”。
http://howto.wired.com/wiki/Survive_a_Nuclear_Blast

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