Stunned scientists warn world could run out of breathable air
by Terrence Aym
Professor Ralph Keeling of Scripps Institute is worried. In fact, he's very worried.
斯克里普斯研究所的拉爾夫基林教授擔心，事實上，他是非常擔心。
According to the data Keeling has meticulously collected since 1989 the world is running out of breathable air—and the rate that it's losing oxygen is now on the verge of accelerating.
根據資料基林已自1989年以來精心收集，世界在耗盡可呼吸的空氣 - 和失去氧氣的速率現已正瀕臨加速。
Monitoring oxygen levels around the world is Keeling's job. He's very good at his job. And the data confirms that Earth's oxygen supply is dwindling.
監測世界各地的氧氣水平是基林的工作，他非常擅長自己的工作，和數據證實地球的氧氣供應在減少中。
Keeling created the famous ‘Keeling Curve,’ a graph that extrapolates the current trend of the oxygen depletion in the atmosphere. [1]
基林創造了著名的'基林曲線，'一圖形推斷大氣中目前的氧消耗趨勢。 [1]
[The Cape Grim Observatory chart also depicts the ongoing depletion of breathable oxygen in the atmosphere.] [2]
[嚴峻角天文台亦製圖描繪正在持續的大氣中可呼吸氧氣消耗。] [2]
少些氧氣等於少生命
Less oxygen equals less life
A long time ago, the Earth was very rich in oxygen. The air contained such an abundance of the element—close to one-third of the atmosphere was oxygen—that animals and insects grew to gargantuan sizes. For instance, the ancestors of dragonflies once had four foot wingspans.
很久以前，地球有非常豐富的氧氣。空氣中含有這種元素的豐盛 - 接近三分之一的大氣是氧氣 - 動物和昆蟲成長為龐大的體積，例如，蜻蜓的祖先曾一度有過四呎翼展。
But now, due to overpopulation by humans, animals—even insect colonies—and deforestation, the oxygen in the air is become a diminishing resource.
但現在，由於人類、動物人口過多 - 甚至昆蟲殖民地 - 和森林砍伐，空氣中的氧氣變成一減少中的資源。
Pollution has had a significant impact and events like the BP Deepwater Horizon Gulf disaster pumping up to a million times more methane into the ocean water serves only to speed up the already accelerating process.
污染已有重大的影響，及事件如BP深水地平海灣災難，抽水抽起多達一百萬倍更多的甲烷進入海水，只會加快已在加速中的進程。
Concerned scientists watching potential eruptions of super volcanoes—like the ones at Yellowstone or the Canary Islands—have already calculated the oxygen levels that would be displaced in our atmosphere should any of them erupt.
關注的科學家觀看潛質的超級火山噴發 - 像那些在黃石或加納利群島的 - 已經計算出氧氣的水平，如果它們其中有任何爆發，將會在我們的大氣層中被取代。
And the calculations' sums are enough to cause those in the know chronically sleepless nights.
The numbers have been crunched and the stark results stare researchers in the face: climate change is the least of our problems.
As heliophysicists have been pointing out, much of the global climate change has been driven by significant changes in the sun. A decade ago many astronomers took notice of the sun acting in ways never quite seen in history.
Now the sun is expected to reach solar maximum during the next several years and some scientists are making dire predictions about the havoc that solar flares may cause with our high tech civilization.
Most, however, overlook the connection between solar activity and volcanic eruptions: massive solar activity can lead to massive volcanic eruptions releasing trillions of cubic feet of methane, sulfur, CO2 and other gases that tend to displace free oxygen in the atmosphere.
A simple bleak equation distills the sum of their fears: less oxygen equals less life.
警告跡像越來越多
Warning signs mounting
警告跡像一：海洋死亡地帶
Warning sign one: oceanic dead zones
The first sign of oxygen depletion occurs in the oceans. Dead zones—regions where oxygen has been depleted and life can no longer exist—were first documented in the late 1970s. As time progressed, researchers discovered the dead zones were growing in size and number. New dead zones were discovered and life in those areas either moved or died.
According to Carl Zimmer the New York Times science reporter, "the area of the global ocean without enough oxygen for animals to survive (less than 70 micromoles per kilogram to be exact) expanded by 4.5 million square kilometers (1.7 million square miles). That’s an area about half the size of the United States." [3]
At the Danish Center for Earth System Science Gary Shaffer’s worst case scenario predicts that the oxygen levels in the oceans may drop by more than 20 per cent in the years ahead. [4]
The dead zones continue to expand and the areas of oxygen depletion are accelerating.
警告跡像二：森林木炭
Warning sign two: forest charcoal
Forest fires provide a measurement of the ongoing depletion of Earth's oxygen. Fires in an oxygen rich environment leave little or no carbon residue. The less oxygen available for combustion, the more charcoal remains as fire is unable to consume all the combustible material.
Over the eons, forest fires have produced greater and greater quantities of charcoal as less oxygen rich air causes fire to burn less efficiently. As the oxygen levels drop, more charcoal residue is produced.
This is exactly what has been happening and the phenomenon is well documented.
警告跡像三：甲烷和急速的地球大氣變化
Warning sign three: methane and rapid Earth atmospheric change
Experts such as Northwestern University’s Gregory Ryskin(creator of the methane mass extinction hypothesis) have painted a scenario that could account for mass extinctions from terrestrial oxygen depletion.
While not a formal part of his hypothesis, the events Ryskin envisions would certainly lay the foundation for a rapid acceleration of oxygen depletion and the resulting mass death to follow—mass death on a planetary scale.
Atmospheric oxygen: from 30 to 20 to 5 percent?
Robert Berner of Yale University thinks oxygen levels plummeted after the Carboniferous before slowly rising to present day levels. His model tracks the oxygen level as 30 percent 300 million years ago. That plummeted to levels that we have today—about 19 to 21 percent depending on elevation. But then, after the Yucatan was struck by an asteroid roughly 65 million years ago, the dinosaurs began to die out.
Many ascribe the saurian extinction to the global cooling and darkness following the asteroid strike, but Berner believes what finally did the dinosaurs in wasn’t the large space rock, but lack of oxygen. He argues that oxygen levels plummeted to as low as 5 percent. [5]
Other evidence suggests that oxygen levels fell sharply during other eras caused by volcanic eruption, the natural plant growing cycles, mass extinction of flora in the sea or other unknown causes.
One unknown cause could be the collapse of Earth’s magnetic field and the sun’s hard radiation bombarding the unprotected planet for thousands of years. As the plants died off and massive amounts of carbon were released into the atmosphere, the oxygen levels took a nosedive. [6]
末日裂縫可能偷走你的呼吸
Crack of Doomsday could steal your breath away
As the oxygen depletes to levels unable to sustain Earth's higher life forms, some experts offer comfort by assuring that the end would come quickly. Asphyxia is not a pleasant death after all, and the image of billions gasping for one more breath—like flopping fish out of water—is a distinctly disturbing one.
Indeed, Mankind could go out not with a bang, but a shuddering, desperate gasp.
Of course, not all life on Earth would completely die off. It's postulated that certain mosses, hardy slime molds, resilient bacteria and viruses—as well as the more robust sea slugs—probably could weather the severe oxygen deprivation. They will make it through the tens of thousands of years required for the oxygen levels to slowly replenish after the planetary mass extinction.
Many experts also agree cockroaches could do well.
. . .
[1] An early ‘Keeling Curve.’ This study in the mid 1950s led to the ongoing atmospheric research by Keeling starting in 1989.
The current Keeling Curve depicting rising CO2 that correlates to a reduction in breathable atmosphere.
[2] Atmospheric Oxygen Levels Fall As Carbon Dioxide Rises
[3] "A Looming Oxygen Crisis and Its Impact on World’s Oceans" - Zimmer, Carl. Yale University
[4] “Long-term effectiveness and consequences of carbon dioxide sequestration”
[5] “Earth Surface Geochemistry, Biogeochemistry, and Mathematical Modeling of Geochemical Cycles”
[6] Oxygen chart
http://www.helium.com/items/1965918-keeling-curve-co2-and-loss-of-atmospheric-oxygen
從北極逃出的甲烷高於預期能引發全球變暖
南極冰原下積聚大量甲烷逸出將加劇全球變暖
新證據提出：海灣油溢只能是個開始
震驚：水“樣品爆炸”當化學家測試石油;“最有可能”是甲烷或Corexit
海灣藍鼠疫在發展：Corexit +細菌 =變種病毒
大氣中增加的二氧化碳對環境影響
科學的美國人：殺死更多嬰兒去拯救地球
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