愛荷爾蒙催產素有助士兵彼此喜歡和仇恨敵人

愛荷爾蒙催產素有助士兵彼此喜歡和仇恨敵人
Love hormone Oxytocin helps soldiers like each other and hate the enemy
Soldiers form loyal "Bands of Brothers" fighting and dying for each other because they have the same instincts that cause mothers to ferociously protect their newborns, a study suggests.
士兵形成忠誠的“兄弟班”，為彼此戰鬥和犧牲，因為他們有相同的本能，那能導致母親狠狠地保護他她們的新生兒女，一項研究提出。
By Richard Alleyne, Science Correspondent
Published: 7:30AM BST 11 Jun 2010

Researchers have found that in the heat of battle they have the same chemicals running through their bloodstreams as protective mothers, meaning they develop incredibly strong bonds with each other but become extremely aggressive to outsiders.
研究人員已發現，在戰鬥中的高溫下，他們有相同的化學物在他們的血管中，猶如保護性的母親，意味著他們彼此發展難以置信的緊密聯繫，但對局外人則變得非常富侵略性。
The effect resolves around the hormone oxytocin which is released at times of stress and when people socialise with each other.
效果變成荷爾蒙催產素，它在壓力和當人們互相交往時被釋出。
But the scientists have found that this chemical, often referred to as the love or bonding hormone, also makes them – like mothers – incredibly aggressive to outsiders.
但科學家已發現，這種化學物，通常被稱為愛或粘合荷爾蒙，亦使他們 - 像母親 - 對外界難以置信地富侵略性。
Using a computer simulation game they found that volunteers given a spray of the hormone bonded more quickly and deeply with their own group but became much more hostile to outsiders.
使用一電腦模擬遊戲，他們發現被給予一枝荷爾蒙噴霧的志願者，與自己的小組聯繫得更快和更深，但對外人變得更加敵視。
Dr Carsten De Dreu, of the University of Amsterdam, said that the phenomenon was known as "parochial altruism" or "tend and defend".
阿姆斯特丹大學的德Dreu卡斯滕博士說，現象被稱為“狹隘的利他主義”或“傾向和防衛”。
This meant that boosted levels of oxytocin produced "in-group love" and "out-group aggression", he said.
這意味著，提高催產素的水平產生“群愛”和“外集團的侵略”，他說。
Dr De Dreu, who published the findings in Science, said: "Oxytocin is a double edged sword. It makes you kinder to your group but more aggressive to those outside."
德Dreu博士發表他的發現在科學，說：“催產素是一把兩刃劍，它使你對你的小組更親切，但對那些外人更富攻擊性。”
Dr De Dreu thinks that the production of oxytocin, which increases at times of stress and in new mothers, has evolved since hunter gathering times when food was scarce and groups had to compete to survive.

He said: "Being aggressive to threatening out-groups makes you a hero, loyal and a patriot to your own group."

Holly Arrow, an expert in the psychology of war at the University of Oregon, said: "Oxytocin is perhaps an important pathway that bonds men together and makes them ready to defend the group."

In three experiments, all on male volunteers, they compared the choices of individuals who received a dose of oxytocin via nasal spray with those who received a placebo.

The volunteers were assigned to three-person groups and introduced to a game in which they made confidential decisions that had financial consequences for themselves, their fellow group members and the competing groups.

The results indicated that oxytocin drives a “tend and defend” response, promoting in-group trust and co-operation and defensive, but not offensive, aggression toward competing out-groups.

The hormone appears to have this effect regardless of how naturally co-operative people are.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/7818276/Love-hormone-Oxytocin-helps-soldiers-like-each-other-and-hate-the-enemy.html