Home of "Ice Giants" thaws, shows pre-Viking hunts
By Alister Doyle, Environment Correspondent
JUVFONNA, Norway
Tue Sep 14, 2010 1:17pm EDT
Norwegian archaeologist Elling Utvik Wammer picks up a stick believed to be about 1,500 years old and used by ancestors of the Vikings to hunt reindeer in the Jotunheimen mountains of Norway September 9, 2010.
挪威的考古學家埃靈於特維克 Wammer在2010年9月9日炫耀一枝棍，相信是1,500年左右老，及在挪威海門山被維京祖先用於狩獵馴鹿。
Credit: REUTERS/Alister Doyle
A 3,400-year-old leather shoe found in the mountains of south Norway after a record melt of ice, apparently linked to climate change is seen in this 2006 handout photo.
一隻 3,400年久的皮鞋發現在挪威南部的山區，在一紀錄的冰融化後，那顯然是與這2006年照片內的氣候變化有關。
Credit: REUTERS/Handout/Photo courtesy of Vegard Vike
Norwegian archaeologist Elling Utvik Wammer shows off a stick believed to be about 1,500 years old and used in reindeer hunts by ancestors of the Vikings in the Jotunheimen mountains of Norway September 9, 2010.
挪威的考古學家埃靈於特維克 Wammer在2010年9月9日炫耀一枝棍，相信是1,500年左右老，及在挪威海門山被維京祖先用於狩獵馴鹿。
Credit: REUTERS/Alister Doyle
Norwegian archaeologist Trond Vihovde (L) and colleague Elling Utvik Wammer use a GPS marker to register the location of sticks used in reindeer hunting from before the Viking Age which were found beside a shrinking ice field in the Jotunheimen
挪威考古學家特龍 Vihovde（左）和同事埃靈於特維克 Wammer，使用一個 GPS標記去登記棍的位置，被用於馴鹿狩獵從維京時代前，那發現在海門的收縮冰原旁邊...
Credit: REUTERS/Alister Doyle
The Juvfonna ice field at 1,850 metres (6070 feet) above sea level is seen in the Jotunheimen mountains in Norway September 9, 2010. Climate change is exposing reindeer hunting gear used by the Vikings' ancestors faster than archaeologists can
在1,850米（六千〇七十英尺）海平面以上的Juvfonna冰原，在2010年9月9日見於挪威海門山。氣候變化暴露出由維京人祖先所使用的馴鹿獵捕工具，比考古學家更快...
Credit: REUTERS/Alister Doyle
(Reuters) - Climate change is exposing reindeer hunting gear used by the Vikings' ancestors faster than archaeologists can collect it from ice thawing in northern Europe's highest mountains.
（路透社） - 氣候變化暴露維京祖先所用的馴鹿獵捕工具，比考古學家能更快地收集它，從北歐最高山區的冰融化。
"It's like a time machine...the ice has not been this small for many, many centuries," said Lars Piloe, a Danish scientist heading a team of "snow patch archaeologists" on newly bare ground 1,850 meters (6,070 ft) above sea level in mid-Norway.
“它就像一部時光機器...冰已沒有這麼小很多很多世紀了，”拉爾斯 Piloe說，一位丹麥科學家率領一隊的“雪塊考古學家”，在中挪威海平面以上一八五0米（六千零七十〇英尺）的新光頭地面。
Specialized hunting sticks, bows and arrows and even a 3,400-year-old leather shoe have been among finds since 2006 from a melt in the Jotunheimen mountains, the home of the "Ice Giants" of Norse mythology.
專門的狩獵棒、弓及箭、和甚至一3,400年久的皮鞋，已被發現在自 2006年以來溶解的海門山，北歐神話的“冰巨人”之家。
As water streams off the Juvfonna ice field, Piloe and two other archaeologists -- working in a science opening up due to climate change -- collect "scare sticks" they reckon were set up 1,500 years ago in rows to drive reindeer toward archers.
But time is short as the Ice Giants' stronghold shrinks.
"Our main focus is the rescue part," Piloe said on newly exposed rocks by the ice. "There are many ice patches. We can only cover a few...We know we are losing artefacts everywhere."
Freed from an ancient freeze, wood rots in a few years. And rarer feathers used on arrows, wool or leather crumble to dust in days unless taken to a laboratory and stored in a freezer.
Jotunheimen is unusual because so many finds are turning up at the same time -- 600 artefacts at Juvfonna alone.
Other finds have been made in glaciers or permafrost from Alaska to Siberia. Italy's iceman "Otzi," killed by an arrow wound 5,000 years ago, was found in an Alpine glacier in 1991. "Ice Mummies" have been discovered in the Andes.
拯救
RESCUE
Patrick Hunt, of Stanford University in California who is trying to discover where Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy in 218 BC with an army and elephants, said there was an "alarming rate" of thaw in the Alps.
"This is the first summer since 1994 when we began our Alpine field excavations above 8,000 ft that we have not been inundated by even one day of rain, sleet and snow flurries," he said.
"I expect we will see more 'ice patch archaeology discoveries'," he said. Hannibal found snow on the Alpine pass he crossed in autumn, according to ancient writers.
Glaciers are in retreat from the Andes to the Alps, as a likely side-effect of global warming caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases, the U.N. panel of climate experts says.
The panel's credibility has suffered since its 2007 report exaggerated a thaw by saying Himalayan glaciers might vanish by 2035. It has stuck to its main conclusion that it is "very likely" that human activities are to blame for global warming.
"Over the past 150 years we have had a worldwide trend of glacial retreat," said Michael Zemp, director of the Swiss-based World Glacier Monitoring Service. While many factors were at play, he said "the main driver is global warming."
In Norway, "some ice fields are at their minimum for at least 3,000 years," said Rune Strand Oedegaard, a glacier and permafrost expert from Norway's Gjoevik University College.
The front edge of Jovfunna has retreated about 18 meters (60 ft) over the past year, exposing a band of artefacts probably from the Iron Age 1,500 years ago, according to radiocarbon dating. Others may be from Viking times 1,000 years ago.
Juvfonna, about 1 km across on the flank of Norway's highest peak, Galdhoepiggen, at 2,469 meters, also went through a less drastic shrinking period in the 1930s, Oedegaard said.
馴鹿
REINDEER
Inside the Juvfonna ice, experts have carved a cave to expose layers of ice dating back 6,000 years. Some dark patches turned out to be ancient reindeer droppings -- giving off a pungent smell when thawed out.
Ice fields like Juvfonna differ from glaciers in that they do not slide much downhill. That means artefacts may be where they were left, giving an insight into hunting techniques.
On Juvfonna, most finds are "scare sticks" about a meter long. Each has a separate, flapping piece of wood some 30 cm long that was originally tied at the top. The connecting thread is rarely found since it disintegrates within days of exposure.
"It's a strange feeling to be tying a string around this stick just as someone else did maybe 1,500 years ago," said Elling Utvik Wammer, a archaeologist on Piloe's team knotting a tag to a stick before storing it in a box for later study.
All the finds are also logged with a GPS satellite marker before being taken to the lab for examination.
The archaeologists reckon they were set up about two meters apart to drive reindeer toward hunters. In summer, reindeer often go onto snow patches to escape parasitic flies.
Such a hunt would require 15 to 20 people, Piloe said, indicating that Norway had an organized society around the start of the Dark Ages, 1,500 years ago. Hunters probably needed to get within 20 meters of a reindeer to use an iron-tipped arrow.
"You can nearly feel the hunter here," Piloe said, standing by a makeshift wall of rocks exposed in recent weeks and probably built by an ancient archer as a hideaway.
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68D1L120100914
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