英國王室曾以人肉共進晚餐

英國王室曾以人肉共進晚餐
British royalty dined on human flesh
（但不要擔心，是300年前的事了）
(but don't worry it was 300 years ago)
By Fiona Macrae
Last updated at 12:58 AM on 21st May 2011
Translation by Autumnson Blog

They have long been famed for their love of lavish banquets and rich recipes. But what is less well known is that the British royals also had a taste for human flesh.
他們早已為他們愛豪華宴會和豐富食譜而聞名，但較少為人知的是，英國王室亦有一嘗人肉滋味。
A new book on medicinal cannibalism has revealed that possibly as recently as the end of the 18th century British royalty swallowed parts of the human body.
一本藥用吃人的新書透露，可能地近至18世紀末英國皇室吞食人體的多個部位。
The author adds that this was not a practice reserved for monarchs but was widespread among the well-to-do in Europe.
作者補充，這並不是為君主預留的一個慣例，但在歐洲富裕階層是很普遍的。

Medicinal cannibalism: Both Queen Mary II and her uncle King Charles II both took distilled human skull on their deathbeds in 1698 and 1685 respectively, according to Dr Sugg
藥用食人：女王瑪麗二世(上)和她的叔叔國王查理二世(下)兩者，都在臨終的服用蒸餾過的人類頭骨分別在1698年和1685年，據醫生薩格

Even as they denounced the barbaric cannibals of the New World, they applied, drank, or wore powdered Egyptian mummy, human fat, flesh, bone, blood, brains and skin.
即使當他們譴責新世界的野蠻食人族，他們應用、喝、或塗抹成粉的埃及木乃伊、人體脂肪、肉、骨、血、腦和皮膚。
Moss taken from the skulls of dead soldiers was even used as a cure for nosebleeds, according to Dr Richard Sugg at Durham University.
取自死亡士兵頭骨的苔蘚，被甚至用來根治流鼻血，據達勒姆大學的理查德薩格醫生。
Dr Sugg said: 'The human body has been widely used as a therapeutic agent with the most popular treatments involving flesh, bone or blood.
薩格博士說：'人類的身體已被廣泛用作治療劑，以最流行涉及肉、骨或血的治療，。
'Cannibalism was found not only in the New World, as often believed, but also in Europe.'
'吃人不僅被發現在新世界，正如常情認為，而且在歐洲。'
'One thing we are rarely taught at school yet is evidenced in literary and historic texts of the time is this: James I refused corpse medicine; Charles II made his own corpse medicine; and Charles I was made into corpse medicine.'
'有一件事我們很少在學校被教導，卻是該段時間在文學和歷史文本的證據是這樣的：詹姆斯一世拒絕屍體藥品;查爾斯二世做出自己的屍體藥品;和查理士一世被做成屍體藥品。'
'Along with Charles II, eminent users or prescribers included Francis I, Elizabeth I's surgeon John Banister, Elizabeth Grey, Countess of Kent, Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis, William III, and Queen Mary.'

New world: Depiction of cannibalism in the Brazilian Tupinambá tribe as described by Hans Staden in 1557. Whether true or not, the myth ignored the fact that Europeans consumed human flesh
新世界：描寫在巴西Tupinambá部落的吃人，如漢斯斯塔登在1557年所描述的。無論真與假，神話忽略了事實歐洲人也消耗人肉的
The history of medicinal cannibalism, Dr Sugg argues, raised a number of important social questions.

He said: 'Medicinal cannibalism used the formidable weight of European science, publishing, trade networks and educated theory.

'Whilst corpse medicine has sometimes been presented as a medieval therapy, it was at its height during the social and scientific revolutions of early-modern Britain.

'It survived well into the 18th century, and amongst the poor it lingered stubbornly on into the time of Queen Victoria.
'Quite apart from the question of cannibalism, the sourcing of body parts now looks highly unethical to us.

'In the heyday of medicinal cannibalism bodies or bones were routinely taken from Egyptian tombs and European graveyards. Not only that, but some way into the eighteenth century one of the biggest imports from Ireland into Britain was human skulls.

'Whether or not all this was worse than the modern black market in human organs is difficult to say.'

This painting of Charles I's execution in 1649 shows people surging forward to mop up the former king's blood. It was thought to have healing properties
此幅查爾斯一世在1649年行刑的畫，展示人們湧前去掃蕩前國王的血，它被認為有治療作用

The book gives numerous vivid, often disturbing examples of the practice, ranging from the execution scaffolds of Germany and Scandinavia, through the courts and laboratories of Italy, France and Britain, to the battlefields of Holland and Ireland and on to the tribal man-eating of the Americas.
A painting showing the 1649 execution of Charles I showed people mopping up the king's blood with handkerchiefs.

Dr Sugg said: 'This was used to treat the "king's evil" - a complaint more usually cured by the touch of living monarchs.

'Over in continental Europe, where the axe fell routinely on the necks of criminals, blood was the medicine of choice for many epileptics.

'In Denmark the young Hans Christian Andersen saw parents getting their sick child to drink blood at the scaffold. So popular was this treatment that hangmen routinely had their assistants catch the blood in cups as it spurted from the necks of dying felons.

'Occasionally a patient might shortcut this system. At one early sixteenth-century execution in Germany, 'a vagrant grabbed the beheaded body "before it had fallen, and drank the blood from him..".'

The last recorded instance of this practice in Germany fell in 1865.

Whilst James I had refused to take human skull, his grandson Charles II liked the idea so much that he bought the recipe. Having paid perhaps £6,000 for this, he often distilled human skull himself in his private laboratory.

Dr Sugg said: 'Accordingly known before long as "the King's Drops", this fluid remedy was used against epilepsy, convulsions, diseases of the head, and often as an emergency treatment for the dying.

'It was the very first thing which Charles reached for on February 2 1685, at the start of his last illness, and was administered not only on his deathbed, but on that of Queen Mary in 1698.'

Dr Sugg's research will be featured in a forthcoming Channel 4 documentary with Tony Robinson in which they reconstruct versions of older cannibalistic medicines with the help of pigs' brains, blood and skull.

The book, called Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, will be published on June 29 by Routledge and charts the largely forgotten history of European corpse medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1389142/British-royalty-dined-human-flesh-dont-worry-300-years-ago.html#ixzz1MujgdSpz

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