智利大地震將全城向西移動 10呎
Chile earthquake moved whole city 10 feet to the west
By Claire Bates
Last updated at 2:18 PM on 09th March 2010
The massive earthquake that struck near Maule in Chile, moved the entire city of Concepcion at least 10 feet to the west, experts have revealed.
那打擊智利穆勒附近的大地震,移動整個康塞普西翁城市向西至少10英尺,專家們揭露。
The destructive event, which measured a magnitude of 8.8, also shifted other parts of South America as far apart as the Falkland Islands and Fortaleza, Brazil.
那量度8.8級的破壞性事件,亦移動南美洲其它地區,遠至福克蘭群島和巴西的福塔萊薩。
A graphic created by the Central and Southern Andes GPS Project. It shows the displacement in centimetres of the area surrounding the Chile earthquake epicentre. Concepcion moved the furthest at 303.9cm
一張被中部和南部安第斯GPS計劃創造的圖形,它顯示以厘米計智利大地震震中的圍繞地區移位。康塞普西翁以三百〇三點九釐米移得最遠
Scientists measured the impact of the February 27 earthquake by comparing precise GPS locations from before the event to those 10 days later.
These revealed Chile's capital, Santiago, moved about 11 inches to the southwest. Even Argentina's capital, Buenos Aires, which is 800miles from the epicentre, moved an inch.
The earthquake is believed to be the fifth most powerful since seismic measurements began.
It even knocked Earth a little off its axis. Nasa's Dr Richard Gross calculated the tremors moved the axis about which Earth's mass is balanced by about three inches. It even shortened the length of the day by about one-millionth of a second.
The quake’s epicentre was in a region of South America that’s part of the so-called 'ring of fire', an area of major seismic stresses which encircles the Pacific Ocean.
All along this line, the tectonic plates on which the continents move press against each other at fault zones.
Dr Mike Bevis from Ohio University, has led the CAP project since 1993 that uses GPS to analyse the crust of Chile.
The area is of particular interest because it is an active subduction zone where the Nazca oceanic plate is colliding with the South American continental plate and being squeezed into the Earth's molten mantle below.
This creates a build up of geologic pressures, which caused the Chilean quake in February.
The US Geological Survey reported that there have been dozens of aftershocks, many exceeding a magnitude 6.0 or greater, since the initial event February 27.
Dr Bevis' team, made up of scientists from U.S and Argentinian universities, hopes to add 50 extra GPS stations to its current 25. This should help them to measure the ongoing movement and deformation of the crust.
The earthquake shifted land as far apart as the Falkland Islands and Fortaleza, Brazil
那地震轉移土地遠至福克蘭群島和巴西的福塔萊薩
Team member Ben Brooks, from the University of Hawaii said: 'The Maule earthquake will arguably become one of the, if not the most important great earthquake yet studied.
'We now have modern, precise instruments to evaluate this event, and because the site abuts a continent, we will be able to obtain dense spatial sampling of the changes it caused.
'As such the event represents an unprecedented opportunity for the earth science community if certain observations are made with quickly and comprehensively.'
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1256597/Chile-earthquake-moved-Concepcion-city-10ft-west.html
智利地震撕裂海底400公裡 能量相當500億噸TNT
2010年03月12日15:46
來源:新華網
強震發生的位置與1960年裡氏9.5級地震相同 海底斷裂帶岩層出現約400公裡長裂縫
死亡人數超過三百
智利緊急情況部門負責人介紹,地震致死大約300人。隨著搜救工作展開,傷亡數字可能繼續攀升。
地震學家認為,智利2月27日強震發生位置與1960年裡氏9.5級地震相同,處於納斯卡板塊俯沖至南美洲板塊西部邊緣處的斷裂帶。
斷裂帶岩層斷裂
強震致使斷裂帶岩層斷裂。地球物理學家估計,“裂縫”長400公裡。納斯卡板塊位於東太平洋赤道以南,與南美洲板塊以每年將近9厘米的速度“聚合”。
美國《紐約時報》2月27日援引地震學家的話報道,納斯卡板塊與南美洲板塊相向運動,積聚應力,加上1960年9.5級地震對斷裂帶所施應力,以致觸發這次智利強震。
曾斷裂1000公裡
美國伍茲霍爾海洋學研究所地球物理學研究員林建(音譯)說,1960年特大地震產生巨大應力,盡管智利最近50年頻發地震,但作用於這一斷裂帶的應力未得到充分釋放。
美國地質勘探局地球物理學家保羅卡魯索說,這次地震釋放的能量相當於引爆500億噸黃色炸藥(TNT),斷裂帶岩層出現裂縫,長大約400公裡。
1960年智利地震導致納斯卡板塊和南美洲板塊交界處斷裂1000公裡。
海地地震的350倍?
林建估計,就釋放的能量而言,2月27日地震相當於今年1月12日海地地震的250倍至350倍。
美國地質勘探局地球物理學家肯赫德納特說:“我們把它(智利地震)稱作大地震。這類地震為數不多,會讓任何人都感到恐怖。”
林建認為,從多個方面看,智利地震與印度尼西亞亞齊2004年12月底7.9級地震類似,為逆沖斷層地震。
驚魂時刻
300名囚犯趁機越獄
據新華社電 一名位於聖地亞哥的法新社報道員說,地震發生時,建筑物“像果凍般搖晃”。
居住在聖地亞哥的馬倫安德烈婭希門尼斯告訴法新社記者,地震時,她正與朋友在一家夜總會歡聚。“太可怕了!”希門尼斯說,“石膏板開始從天花板上掉落,我跑了出來,發現每個人都喝醉了,這是周五的晚上。”
一名地震時駕車行駛在公路上的男子回憶道,“我以為是爆胎了……隨后看到公路像一張紙一樣晃動,我才意識到這是件更糟糕的事。”他不得不棄車逃離公路。
康塞普西翁附近奇廉市一座監獄受損,發生越獄和騷亂事件。媒體報道,大約300名囚犯出逃,警方已抓獲其中60人,200多人在逃。
災情評估
破壞程度輕於海地
據新華社電 盡管智利地震就震級而言高於海地地震,但國際救援和慈善機構估計,地震對智利的破壞程度可能輕於海地。
國際慈善機構樂施會官員杰裡米洛夫萊斯說,智利是一個相對發達的國家,這次遇到的災害可能不會如海地那麼嚴重。
一些地震專家分析,智利和海地建筑質量、抗震經驗以及震源深淺、震中位置等方面差異,會影響地震災害的烈度與廣度。
余震不斷
震級在4.9級至6.9級之間
震后發生51次余震
強震2月27日襲擊靠近智利中部的太平洋海域,觸發海嘯和余震。距離震源較遠的首都聖地亞哥受災較輕,第二大城市康塞普西翁和周邊地區災情較重。
美國地質勘探局測定震后發生51次余震,震級在裡氏4.9級至6.9級之間。
智利政府初步估計,災區大約50萬棟居民房屋受損,200萬人受到波及。
2月27日晚,災民在街頭空曠處搭起帳篷等臨時住所。一些居民受到驚嚇,無法入睡,披著毛毯坐在街頭熬過黑夜。
經濟影響
銅產量和出口量世界第一
至少四座銅礦停產
據新華社電 智利至少4座銅礦和兩家煉油廠2月27日因地震致使電力供應中斷而暫停運營,尚未確定恢復生產時間。
智利銅產量和出口量世界第一。這4處銅礦產量佔全國總產量大約16%。礦業部長聖地亞哥岡薩雷斯說,停產不會影響出口。
智利國家銅公司當天說,這家世界最大銅生產商旗下的埃爾特尼恩特礦和安迪納礦因停電而停產。
伴隨世界經濟回暖,國際銅價過去12個月上漲超過一倍。銅出口佔智利去年530億美元出口總額的一半。智利地震發生在中部,而礦產業多位於北部。
(責任編輯:馬麗)
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