北達科他州雲改造項目
North Dakota Cloud Modification Project
The North Dakota Cloud Modification Project (NDCMP) is an operational program that seeds clouds for hail damage reduction and rain enhancement in western North Dakota. Counties currently participating in the program are Bowman, McKenzie, Mountrail, Ward, Williams, and part of Slope.
Cloud Seeding 101 - Learn the basics about how cloud seeding works.
NDCMP Operation Areas - A map showing where cloud seeding occurs in North Dakota during the summer.
Aircraft, Radar and Seeding Equipment - Fly along with a top seeder and a base seeder and see some photos of aircraft, radar and seeding equipment used during the NDCMP.
Radar Images - Current radar images from the Bowman and Stanley Radars (Images updated during June - August only). Radar volume scans are completed approximately every six minutes and posted immediately thereafter.
NDCMP History - A historical summary of cloud seeding in North Dakota.
2009 Final Operations Report (14 mb) - View the most current Final Operations Report for the North Dakota Cloud Modification Project.
Program Evaluations - A review of independent evaluations of the NDCMP.
http://www.swc.state.nd.us/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubCategoryRecord/Atmospheric%20Resources/ND%20Cloud%20Modification%20Project
內華達州
Nevada
DRI種雲計劃
DRI Cloud Seeding Program
Aerial view from the clouds
As a form of weather modification, wintertime cloud seeding is aimed at enhancing snowfall in mountainous regions to increase the snowpack, resulting in more spring runoff and water supplies in the surrounding areas.
The DRI Cloud Seeding Program is operated by the Division of Atmospheric Sciences, located in the Northern Nevada Science Center (NNSC), Reno, Nevada. The DRI seeding program originated as an outgrowth of DRI weather modification research programs funded through USBR and NOAA.
Current DRI research is focused on the quantitative evaluation of winter storm cloud seeding using ultra trace chemical analysis of snow samples, atmospheric model simulations of seeding plume transport, and hydrologic modeling to estimate the additional runoff due to cloud seeding.
http://www.dri.edu/cloudseeding
俄克拉荷馬州天氣改造
Oklahoma Weather Modification
The primary goals of the temporarily suspended Oklahoma Weather Modification Program are to augment water supplies and prevent future drought and/or hail damage to crops and property. Directed by the OWRB and Oklahoma Weather Modification Advisory Board, and operating from 1996 through 2001, the effort was typically conducted in the spring and fall from bases in Oklahoma City and Woodward. The OWRB and Advisory Board continuously monitored moisture and related agricultural conditions throughout Oklahoma to identify prime seeding areas.
Rather than a fleeting "drought relief "effort, the Oklahoma program has been designed as a long-term water resource management and hazard mitigation tool. The effort has been modeled after operational programs in Kansas, North Dakota and Texas where rainfall increased 20 percent or more and losses to hail decreased as much as 45 percent. In Oklahoma, hail is responsible for many millions of dollars in crop and property damage each year.
Under a contract with the OWRB, the Oklahoma Climatological Survey (Environmental Verification and Analysis Center) conducted independent evaluations of the Oklahoma Weather Modification Program in 1996 and 1998 to determine its effectiveness in augmenting rainfall and suppressing hail damage throughout the state. The evaluation concluded that program results are consistent with results from similar programs in other states. More specifically, radar response images indicated precipitation and increased cloud development downwind of project operations.
Numerous other states--including Kansas (operated by the Western Kansas Groundwater Management District #1), North Dakota (North Dakota Atmospheric Resource Board), and Texas (Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation)--are employing weather modification technology with general success. The State of Texas participates in 10 separate cloud seeding programs.
Weather Damage Modification Program (Oklahoma, Texas & New Mexico)
For FY-02 and FY-03, Congress appropriated more than $3 million to establish the Weather Damage Modification Program (WDMP), a multi-state weather modification research program, including Oklahoma. Administered through the Bureau of Reclamation, the regional, multi-state research program will seek to scientifically verify the potential benefits of weather modification technology in mitigating weather-induced hazards. State partners involved in the WDMP--including Oklahoma, Texas and New Mexico--and officials from the Oklahoma Weather Center are planning to initiate the cooperative research effort later in 2003.
http://www.owrb.ok.gov/hazard/weather/wx_mod.php
科羅拉多州天氣改造 - 許可地區
Colorado Weather Modification - Permit Areas
Current Operational Program
There are seven permitted weather modification programs for wintertime cloud seeding in Colorado. The target areas are:
Central Colorado Rocky Mountains Program (Denver Water (was on standby))
Upper Roaring Fork Basin Program (Colorado Springs Utilities)
Vail/Beaver Creek Program (Vail/Beaver Creek)
Gunnison Basin Program (Gunnison County)
Grand Mesa (Water Enhancement Authority which is comprised of Collbran WCD, Fruitland Mesa WCD, Crawford WCD, Grand Mesa Pool)
Western San Juan Mountains Program (Southwestern CD, City of Durango, Animas La Plata WCD, Durango Mountain Resort, Dolores WCD)
Eastern San Juan Moutains Program
The Water Resource Information Center (WRIC) has information related to these permits such as: public hearing exhibits, records of decision, permits, etc. Use the Search available here by limiting to a date range and the document type.
Statewide Weather Modification Target Areas
Vail and Upper Arkansas Target Areas
Grand Mesa Target Area
San Juan Mountains Target Area
Gunnison Target Area
http://cwcb.state.co.us/WatershedProtectionFloodMitigation/WeatherModification/PermitAreas/
堪薩斯州
Kansas
82A條-1411.相同;天氣改造許可證;
82a-1411. Same; weather modification permit;
requirements. (a) The director shall issue a weather modification permit to each person who:
(1) Applies in writing to the director for a permit in such form as the director shall require;
(2) holds a valid weather modification license issued under this act;
(3) pays the permit fee, if applicable;
(4) files with the director proof of ability to respond in damages for liability on account of accidents arising out of any weather modification activities to be conducted by the licensee in the following amounts or in such greater amounts as the director requires upon determining that the circumstances of the particular weather modification project or program require proof of additional financial responsibility: (A) Not less than $50,000 because of bodily injury to or death of one person resulting from any one accident; (B) subject to the limit for one person, not less than $100,000 because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons resulting from any one accident; and (C) not less than $100,000 because of injury to or destruction of the property of others resulting from any one accident. Municipalities and departments or agencies of the state shall be exempt from the requirements of this paragraph. Proof of financial responsibility required hereunder may be given by a certificate of insurance or a bond or a certificate of deposit of money;
(5) submits a complete and satisfactory operational plan for the proposed weather modification project or program which includes a map of the proposed operating area which specifies the primary target area and shows the area reasonably expected to be affected, the name and address of the licensee, the nature and object of the intended weather modification activities, the person or organization on whose behalf it is to be conducted, a statement explaining any expected effect upon the environment, the methods that will be used in determining and evaluating the proposed weather modification project or program, and such other information as may be required by the director;
(6) meets the preceding requirements for a permit and before beginning operations under the proposed weather modification project or program, publishes a notice of intent to engage in weather modification activities in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or counties to be affected by the proposed project or program. The published notice shall designate the primary target area and indicate the general area which might be affected. It shall also indicate the expected duration and intended effect and state that complete details are available on request from the licensee or the director; and
(7) furnishes to the director proof of the publication of the notice required by the foregoing provision.
(b) Before a permit for a weather modification project or program is issued, the director or a hearing officer appointed by the director may hold a public hearing on the proposed weather modification project or program in a place or places within a reasonable proximity of the area expected to be affected by the proposed weather modification activities. The hearing shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Kansas administrative procedure act. Unless deemed necessary by the director, no hearing shall be required for the renewal of a permit for a previously approved weather modification project or program.
(c) No permit may be issued unless the director determines, based on the information provided in the operational plan for the proposed weather modification project or program and on the testimony and information provided at the public hearing, that:
(1) The proposed weather modification activities are designed to provide, and are reasonably expected to provide, an economic benefit to the people of the area in which the operation will be conducted, or will benefit the people of the state of Kansas, and is scientifically and technically feasible;
(2) if the project or program is a scientific or research project or program, the proposed weather modification activities offer promise of expanding the knowledge and the technology of weather modification;
(3) the project or program includes adequate safeguards for the protection of property, health, safety and welfare; and
(4) the project or program is designed to minimize risk and maximize scientific gains or economic benefits to the people of the state.
(d) The operational plan for the proposed project or program shall be placed on file with the director and will be available for public inspection during regular office hours.
History: L. 1974, ch. 321, § 11; L. 1984, ch. 313, § 153; L. 1986, ch. 397, § 2; L. 1995, ch. 138, § 8; July 1.
http://law.justia.com/kansas/codes/chapter82a/statute_39596.html
沒有留言:
發佈留言